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        <p>JAVAScript一种直译式脚本语言,是一种动态类型.弱类型.基于原型的语言,内置支持类型.<br>它的解释器被称为JAVAScript引擎,为浏览器的一部分,广泛用于客户端的脚本语言,最早是在HTML网页上使用,用来给HTML网页增加动态功能.</p>
<h3 id="组成部分"><a href="#组成部分" class="headerlink" title="组成部分"></a>组成部分</h3><ul>
<li>ECMAScript,描述了该语言的基本语法.</li>
<li>文档对象模型(DOM),描述处理网页内容的方法和接口.</li>
<li>浏览器对象模型(BOM),描述与浏览器进行交互的方法和接口.</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://assets.qipo.net/js.jpg" alt></p>
<h3 id="基本特点"><a href="#基本特点" class="headerlink" title="基本特点"></a>基本特点</h3><p>JAVAScript是一种属于网络的脚本语言,已经被广泛用于Web应用开发,常用来为网页添加各种各样的动态效果,为用户提供更流畅美观的浏览效果.通常JAVAScript脚本是通过嵌入在HTML中来实现自身的功能的.</p>
<ol>
<li>是一种解释性脚本语言(代码不进行预编译).</li>
<li>主要用来向HTML页面添加交互行为.</li>
<li>可以直接嵌入HTML页面,但写成单独的js文件有利于结构和行为的分离.</li>
<li>跨平台特性,在绝大多数浏览器的支持下,可以在多种平台下运行(如windows.Linux.Mac.Android.ios等)</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="JAVAScript的作用"><a href="#JAVAScript的作用" class="headerlink" title="JAVAScript的作用"></a>JAVAScript的作用</h3><ul>
<li>嵌入动态文本与HTMLyemain</li>
<li>对浏览器事件做出响应.</li>
<li>读写HTML元素.</li>
<li>在数据被提交到服务器之前验证数据.</li>
<li>检测访客的浏览器信息</li>
<li>控制cookies,包括创建和修改等.</li>
<li>基于Node.js技术进行服务器编程</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="JAVAScript的编写方式"><a href="#JAVAScript的编写方式" class="headerlink" title="JAVAScript的编写方式"></a>JAVAScript的编写方式</h3><ul>
<li><p>行内样式</p>
<p>  <code>&lt;button onclick=&quot;alert();&quot;&gt;点我&lt;/button&gt;</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>嵌套样式:这个样式是写在<code>&lt;body&gt;&lt;/body&gt;</code>之内的,而不是别的.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">&lt;!--嵌套javascript  --&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span><span class="undefined"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="actionscript">    alert(<span class="string">"我是提示框！！！！"</span>);</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="undefined">  </span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><p>外部的js脚本</p>
<p>先要创建一个<code>.js</code>结尾的文件,在里面写你需要的js脚本.<br>然后同样是在<code>&lt;body&gt;&lt;/body&gt;</code>标签中引入外部js脚本.<br><code>&lt;script src=&quot;./text.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="javascript-基本概念"><a href="#javascript-基本概念" class="headerlink" title="javascript 基本概念"></a>javascript 基本概念</h3><h4 id="严格区分大小写"><a href="#严格区分大小写" class="headerlink" title="严格区分大小写"></a>严格区分大小写</h4><p>第一个概念就是ECMAScript中的一切(变量,函数名和操作符)都区分大小写.<br>这也就意味着,变量名<code>test</code>和变量名<code>Test</code>分别代表着两个不同的变量.而函数名不能使用<code>typeof</code>,因为他是一个关键字,但<code>typeOf</code>则完全可以是一个有效的函数名.</p>
<h4 id="标识符"><a href="#标识符" class="headerlink" title="标识符"></a>标识符</h4><p>所谓标识符,就是指变量,函数,属性的名字,或者函数的参数.标识符可以使按照下列格式规则组合起来的一个或多个字符:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>第一个字符必须是一个字母,下划线(_)或一个美元符号($)其他字符可以是字母,下划线,美元符号或数字.</p>
</li>
<li><p>标识符的字母也可以包含扩展的ASCII或Unicode字母字符,但我们不推荐这么做.</p>
</li>
<li><p>按照惯例,ECMAScript 标识符采用驼峰大小写格式,也就是第一个字母小写,剩下的每个单词的首字母大写,例如:<code>firstChild</code></p>
</li>
<li>不要和关键字重名</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="注释风格"><a href="#注释风格" class="headerlink" title="注释风格"></a>注释风格</h4><ol>
<li><p>单行注释<code>//</code>,<code>//这里是单行注释!</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>多行注释<code>/* 这是注释内容! */</code></p>
</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight actionscript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">这里是注释!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意:不要和python,html中的注释混淆.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="语句"><a href="#语句" class="headerlink" title="语句"></a>语句</h4><p>ECMAScript 中的语句以一个分号结尾;如果省略分号,则由解析器确定语句的结尾,比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight actionscript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> value1 = a - b  <span class="comment">//不推荐</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> value2 = a + b; <span class="comment">//推荐</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用代码块,让代码看起来更加清晰,比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight ceylon"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//不推荐</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">value</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  alert(<span class="string">"value is ..."</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//推荐</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">value</span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  alert(<span class="string">"value is ..."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="关键字"><a href="#关键字" class="headerlink" title="关键字"></a>关键字</h4><p><img src="http://assets.qipo.net/keywords.png" alt></p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意:定义标识符时不要使用关键字和保留字.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="JAVAScript-变量"><a href="#JAVAScript-变量" class="headerlink" title="JAVAScript 变量"></a>JAVAScript 变量</h3><p>ECMAScript 的变量是松散类型的,所谓松散类型就是可以用来保存任何类型的数据.换句话说,每个变量仅仅是一个用于保存值的占位符而已.定义变量时要使用<code>var</code>操作符.再次定义变量就不需要<code>var</code>操作符了.<br>比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//定义变量！！！！</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// var是个关键字，a是变量名(标识符)</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//注意标识符的命名规则</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="number">10</span>; <span class="comment">//分号表示一条语句的结尾</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//用于控制台输出</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(a);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="JAVAScript-数据类型"><a href="#JAVAScript-数据类型" class="headerlink" title="JAVAScript 数据类型"></a>JAVAScript 数据类型</h3><p>ECMAScript 中有 5 种简单数据类型(也称为基本数据类型): <code>Undefined</code>, <code>Null</code>, <code>Boolean</code>, <code>Number</code>和 <code>String</code> 。<br>对一个值使用 <code>typeof</code> 操作符可能返回下列某个字符串:</p>
<ul>
<li>“undefined” ——如果这个值未定义;</li>
<li>“boolean” ——如果这个值是布尔值;</li>
<li>“string” ——如果这个值是字符串;</li>
<li>“number” ——如果这个值是数值;</li>
<li>“object” ——如果这个值是对象或 null ;</li>
<li>“function” ——如果这个值是函数。</li>
</ul>
<p>例如:</p>
<figure class="highlight actionscript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="string">"string"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> a); <span class="comment">//string</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> b = <span class="number">123</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> b); <span class="comment">//number</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> c = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> c);<span class="comment">//boolean</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> d;</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> d);<span class="comment">//undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> f = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;alert(<span class="string">"hello"</span>);&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> f);<span class="comment">//function</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> e = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> e);<span class="comment">//object</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="字符串类型"><a href="#字符串类型" class="headerlink" title="字符串类型"></a>字符串类型</h4><p>String 类型用于表示由零或多个 16 位 Unicode 字符组成的字符序列,即字符串。字符串可以由双引号(“)或单引号(’)表示,因此下面两种字符串的写法都是有效的:</p>
<figure class="highlight ebnf"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">var a</span> = <span class="string">"string1"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">var b</span> = <span class="string">'string2'</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意:不要混合使用单引号或者双引号,要统一,否则会报错.</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight stata"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> str1 = <span class="string">"hello"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="keyword">var</span> str2 = <span class="string">"world"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="keyword">var</span> str3 = 'hehe';</span><br><span class="line">     console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(str1,str2,str3);</span><br><span class="line">     console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(<span class="string">"10"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//typeof 测试数据类型</span></span><br><span class="line">    console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> str1);<span class="comment">//string</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//再次使用变量时，不需要var</span></span><br><span class="line">    str1 = <span class="string">"HELLO"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(str1);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//字符串拼接 "+"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">var</span>  newStr = str1 + str2;</span><br><span class="line">    console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(newStr);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//其他类型如何转换为字符串, toString()!!!!</span></span><br><span class="line">    a = 20;</span><br><span class="line">    console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>());<span class="comment">//直接变为字符串</span></span><br><span class="line">    console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>(2));<span class="comment">//将数字按照2进制转换为字符串， 10100</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其他类型装换为字符串的方法<code>toString()</code>,比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight stata"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> a = 10;</span><br><span class="line">console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>());</span><br><span class="line">console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>(2));<span class="comment">//转换为２进制，“1010”</span></span><br><span class="line">console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>(8));<span class="comment">//转化为8进制 “12”</span></span><br><span class="line">console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>(10));<span class="comment">//转化为10进制 “10”</span></span><br><span class="line">console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(a.<span class="keyword">toString</span>(16));<span class="comment">//转化为16进制 “a”</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> b = false;</span><br><span class="line">console.<span class="built_in">log</span>(b.<span class="keyword">toString</span>());<span class="comment">//false</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在不知道要转换的值是不是<code>null</code>或<code>undefined</code>的情况下,还可以使用转型函数<code>String()</code>,这个函数能够将任何类型的值转换为字符串.</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> d;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">String</span>(d));<span class="comment">//undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> c = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">String</span>(c));<span class="comment">//null</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="布尔类型"><a href="#布尔类型" class="headerlink" title="布尔类型"></a>布尔类型</h4><p>boolean类型是<code>ECMAScript</code>中使用最多的一种类型,该类型只有两个字面值:<code>true</code>和<code>false</code>.<br>将一个值转换为其对应的<code>Boolean</code>值,可以调用转型函数<code>Boolean()</code>.</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="literal">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="literal">false</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">Boolean</span>(<span class="string">"hellowitwghjjhi"</span>));<span class="comment">//true</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">Boolean</span>(<span class="string">""</span>));<span class="comment">//false</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">Boolean</span>(<span class="number">10</span>));<span class="comment">//true</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">Boolean</span>(<span class="number">-10</span>));<span class="comment">//true</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">Boolean</span>(<span class="number">10.123</span>));<span class="comment">//true</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="built_in">Boolean</span>(<span class="number">0</span>));<span class="comment">//false</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="http://assets.qipo.net/bool1.png" alt><br><img src="http://assets.qipo.net/bool2.png" alt></p>
<h4 id="数值类型"><a href="#数值类型" class="headerlink" title="数值类型"></a>数值类型</h4><p>最基本的数值格式是10进制整数,除了以10进制表示外,整数还可以通过8进制或16进制的字面值来表示.比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> g = <span class="number">016</span>;<span class="comment">//8进制使用'0'开头</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(g);<span class="comment">//14   控制台是以10进制输出的</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> k = <span class="number">0x16</span>;<span class="comment">//16进制,使用'0x'开头</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(k);<span class="comment">//22</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h5 id="浮点数"><a href="#浮点数" class="headerlink" title="浮点数"></a>浮点数</h5><p>所谓浮点数值,就是该数值中必须包含一个小数点,并且小数点后面必须至少有一位数字.</p>
<figure class="highlight actionscript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="number">0.123</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> b = <span class="number">.123</span>; <span class="comment">//不推荐</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>对于那些极大或极小的数值,可以用<code>e</code>表示法(即科学计数法)表示的浮点数值表示,比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> o = <span class="number">12e2</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(o);<span class="comment">//1200</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> p = <span class="number">12e-2</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(p);<span class="comment">//0.12</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>浮点数的最高精度是17位小数,但是在进行算数计算时其精度远远不如整数.例如:<br><code>0.1</code>+<code>0.2</code>的结果不是<code>0.3</code>,而是<code>0.30000000000000004</code>.这个小小的舍入误差会导致无法测量特定的浮点数值.</p>
<h5 id="NaN"><a href="#NaN" class="headerlink" title="NaN"></a>NaN</h5><p>NaN,即非数值(Not a Number)是一个特殊的数值,这个数值用于表示一个本来要返回数值的操作数,未返回数值的情况(这样就不会抛出错误了).<br>ECMAScript定义了<code>isNaN()</code>函数.这个函数接受一个参数,该参数可以是任何类型,而函数会帮我们确定这个参数是否<code>不是数值</code>.</p>
<figure class="highlight lisp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">alert(<span class="name">isNaN</span>(<span class="name">NaN</span>))<span class="comment">;//true  arert这个函数会让浏览器弹出一个提示窗口</span></span><br><span class="line">alert(<span class="name">isNaN</span>(<span class="number">10</span>))<span class="comment">;//false</span></span><br><span class="line">alert(<span class="name">isNaN</span>(<span class="string">"blue"</span>))<span class="comment">;//true</span></span><br><span class="line">alert(<span class="name">isNaN</span>(<span class="string">"10"</span>))<span class="comment">;//false</span></span><br><span class="line">alert(<span class="name">isNaN</span>(<span class="name">true</span>))<span class="comment">;//false</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意:可以看出当<code>isNaN()</code>不是数值才会是true.因为有隐式转换的存在才会把<code>&quot;10&quot;</code>或者<code>&quot;&quot;</code>看成数字.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="未定义类型-undefined"><a href="#未定义类型-undefined" class="headerlink" title="未定义类型(undefined)"></a>未定义类型(undefined)</h4><p>Undefined 类型只有一个值,即<code>undefined</code>.在使用var声明变量但并未对其加以初始化时,这个变量就是<code>undefined</code>,或者显式的进行<code>undefined</code>赋值操作,比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> t;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> t);<span class="comment">//undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> u = <span class="literal">undefined</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> u);<span class="comment">//underfined</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>对于尚未声明过得变量,只能执行一项操作,即使用<code>typeof</code>操作符检测其数据类型.</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(c);<span class="comment">//出现错误，因为没有定义变量c</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> c); <span class="comment">//undefined</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="Null类型"><a href="#Null类型" class="headerlink" title="Null类型"></a>Null类型</h4><p>Null类型是第二个只有一个值的数据类型,这个特殊的值是<code>null</code>.从逻辑角度来看.<code>null</code>值表示一个空对对象指针,而这也是使用<code>typeof</code>操作符检测<code>null</code>值时会返回<code>object</code>的原因,比如:</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">typeof</span>  a);<span class="comment">//object</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="JAVAScript-函数"><a href="#JAVAScript-函数" class="headerlink" title="JAVAScript 函数"></a>JAVAScript 函数</h4><p>函数对于任何语言来说都是一个核心的概念.通过函数可以封装任意多条语句,而且可以在任何地方.任何时候调用执行.</p>
<figure class="highlight delphi"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">kai</span><span class="params">(arg1,arg2)</span><span class="comment">&#123;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="comment">  return arg1 + arg2;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="comment">&#125;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">k</span> = <span class="title">kai</span><span class="params">(2,3)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">console</span>.<span class="title">log</span><span class="params">(k)</span>;</span><span class="comment">//5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>js中的函数有个特点:声明提升.<br>函数可以定义在可调用的任何位置,在javascript引擎中解释运行该代码时,会自动将函数提升到该作用域的顶部.例如:</p>
<figure class="highlight crystal"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">fun</span>();</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">function</span></span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">fun</span>()&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">  <span class="title">console</span></span>.log(<span class="string">"fun......"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="变量作用域"><a href="#变量作用域" class="headerlink" title="变量作用域"></a>变量作用域</h4><p>按作用域分有两种变量:全局变量,局部变量.在JAVAScript中只有函数是用于区分作用域的.</p>
<figure class="highlight kotlin"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="number">10</span>; <span class="comment">//全局变量</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">function <span class="function"><span class="title">fun</span><span class="params">()</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">var</span> b = <span class="number">20</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">//局部变量</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">//局部变量只能在指定的作用内访问</span></span><br><span class="line">  console.log(<span class="string">"b = "</span>, b);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//全局变量在任意位置都可以访问</span></span><br><span class="line">console.log(<span class="string">"a = "</span>, a);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">fun</span><span class="params">()</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

      
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